[Section-B]

13. Briefly mention the limitations of the Constitution. [2]

The limitations of the Constitution of the United States include its susceptibility to interpretation and evolving societal norms, as well as its inability to address all contemporary issues due to its age and generality. Additionally, the amendment process can be slow and difficult, making it challenging to adapt to rapid societal changes.

14. State the different types of legislatures. [2]

There are two main types of legislatures:

1. Unicameral Legislature: In a unicameral legislature, there is only one legislative chamber or house. This system is simpler and often found in smaller countries or regions.
2. Bicameral Legislature: In a bicameral legislature, there are two separate legislative chambers or houses. This system is more common and can be found in larger countries like the United States, with a House of Representatives and a Senate, for example.

15.Write a note on natural liberty. [2]

Natural liberty, also known as the concept of individual or inherent liberty, refers to the inherent freedoms and rights that individuals possess by virtue of their existence as human beings. It is a foundational idea in political philosophy and is often associated with thinkers like John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

Natural liberty encompasses the idea that individuals have certain rights and freedoms that should not be infringed upon by the government or other individuals unless necessary for the common good or the protection of the rights of others. These rights may include the freedom of thought, expression, religion, and the pursuit of happiness.

However, the concept of natural liberty also raises important philosophical and practical questions about the extent of individual freedom and the role of government in regulating and protecting these freedoms. While it is a fundamental principle in liberal democratic societies, the precise boundaries of natural liberty can vary, and debates often arise about how to balance individual freedoms with the needs of society as a whole.

16. Explain the distribution of federal powers by Indian Constitution. [2]

The Indian Constitution provides for a distribution of federal powers between the central government (the Union) and the state governments. This distribution of powers is outlined in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution, which categorizes subjects into three lists:

1. Union List: This list contains subjects on which only the central government has the authority to make laws. These subjects include defense, foreign affairs, currency, banking, and communication among others.
2. State List: The State List comprises subjects on which only the state governments have the authority to make laws. These subjects encompass areas such as police, public health, agriculture, and local government.
3. Concurrent List: The Concurrent List consists of subjects on which both the central government and state governments can legislate. This list includes topics like education, criminal law, marriage, and bankruptcy.

In cases of a conflict between central and state laws on concurrent subjects, the central law generally prevails. However, the Constitution provides for certain restrictions on both central and state legislative powers to prevent encroachments on each other’s jurisdictions.

17. What are the main features of Indian Constitution? [2]

The main features of the Indian Constitution include:

1. Lengthiest Constitution: The Indian Constitution is one of the world’s longest written constitutions, comprising a comprehensive set of laws and principles.
2. Federal Structure: India follows a federal system of government with a division of powers between the central government and state governments, as outlined in the Seventh Schedule.
3. Parliamentary Democracy: India has a parliamentary system of government where the President is the nominal head of state, and the Prime Minister is the real executive authority.

18.Which Article of the Indian Constitution authorises amendment of the Constitution? How can this amendment be done? [2]

Article 368 of the Indian Constitution authorizes the amendment of the Constitution. The process for amending the Constitution can be done in the following ways:

1. Ordinary Amendment: Most provisions of the Constitution can be amended through the ordinary legislative process. A proposed amendment must be passed by both houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) with a two-thirds majority of the members present and voting. Then, it must be ratified by at least half of the state legislatures.
2. Special Majority Amendment: Some amendments require a higher threshold and are considered “special majority” amendments. These amendments pertain to certain fundamental rights and the federal structure of the country. To pass such amendments, they must be approved by a two-thirds majority in both houses of Parliament and ratified by at least half of the state legislatures.
3. Amendment by Simple Majority: Certain provisions of the Constitution can be amended by a simple majority in both houses of Parliament. These amendments typically concern administrative and procedural matters.
4. Amendment by Consent: In some cases, when an amendment affects the powers of the states, it requires the consent of a majority of state legislatures in addition to the two-thirds majority in Parliament.

CBSE (Central Board of Secondary Education) Sample Papers for Class 11 Political Science Set 1 with Solutions are a valuable resource for students preparing for their Class 11 Political Science examinations. These sample papers provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the exam pattern, question types, and important topics. They also offer an opportunity for self-assessment and practice.

Here is a brief introduction to CBSE Sample Papers for Class 11 Political Science Set 1:

1. Purpose: CBSE Sample Papers are designed to help students practice and prepare for their upcoming Political Science exams. They provide a model exam paper that closely resembles the format, difficulty level, and content of the actual examination.
2. Exam Pattern: The sample papers are structured according to the CBSE Class 11 Political Science exam pattern. They include a variety of question types, such as multiple-choice questions (MCQs), short-answer questions, and long-answer questions, as per the CBSE guidelines.
3. Comprehensive Coverage: The sample papers cover the entire syllabus of Class 11 Political Science, ensuring that students get a thorough revision of all the important topics and concepts.
4. Self-Assessment: After attempting the sample papers, students can use the provided solutions to evaluate their performance and identify areas where they need improvement. This helps in effective self-assessment and targeted preparation.
5. Time Management: Practicing with sample papers also helps students improve their time management skills, as they get a feel for the actual examination’s time constraints.